Nanocarrier-Mediated Delivery of Isoniazid: Development of SLN and PLGA Nanoparticle Systems

Abstract

Tuberculosis remains a serious global health problem requiring effective drug delivery systems to improve therapeutic outcomes. Isoniazid, a first-line antitubercular drug, exhibits limitations related to drug stability, controlled release, and bioavailability. The present study aimed to develop and characterize isoniazid-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles to enhance drug delivery efficiency. PLGA nanoparticles were prepared using a modified multiple emulsion solvent evaporation technique, while SLN were formulated using a hot high-shear homogenization method with glyceryl dibehenate as the lipid matrix and Tween 80 as the surfactant. The formulations were optimized using response surface methodology employing Box–Behnken and Central Composite designs. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, and morphological properties using techniques such as SEM, TEM, FTIR, UV spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The optimized SLN showed particle sizes of 200–250 nm with encapsulation efficiency of 66.31%, while PLGA nanoparticles exhibited sizes of 170–190 nm with encapsulation efficiency of 50.62%. In-vitro drug release studies demonstrated sustained drug release, with SLN releasing 89.94% and PLGA nanoparticles releasing 67.5% of drug over 360 minutes. The results indicate that both SLN and PLGA nanoparticles provide improved drug delivery and controlled release behavior, suggesting their potential as promising nanocarrier systems for enhanced tuberculosis therapy.

Keywords: Isoniazid; Solid lipid nanoparticles; PLGA nanoparticles; Nanoparticle drug delivery.