Diuretics: A Review

Abstract

Diuretics represent a cornerstone in managing various conditions by enhancing diuresis and natriuresis. Acting at different segments of the renal tubule, they offer a versatile approach to fluid management. Loop diuretics, such as acetazolamide, find utility in acute heart failure, exerting antihypertensive effects and mitigating fluid overload with minimal electrolyte disturbances. Thiazide and thiazide-related diuretics, while effective antihypertensives, warrant vigilance due to potential complications like hyponatremia and hypokalemia. In contrast, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists exhibit multifaceted benefits, including antihypertensive, nephroprotective, and cardioprotective effects, albeit increasing the risk of hyperkalemia. In contrast, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists exhibit multifaceted benefits, including antihypertensive, nephroprotective, and cardioprotective effects , albeit increasing the risk of hyperkalemia. SGLT2 Inhibitors emerge as promising agents with antihypertensive and cardio-renal protective effects, without adverse impacts on natremia. Understanding the mechanisms and clinical implications of diuretics is crucial for optimizing therapeutic strategies in conditions such as heart failure, nephrological disease, and hypertension.