ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS (Classification and it’s mechanism of action): A REVIEW

Abstract

Anticonvulsant drugs play a crucial role in managing a spectrum of neurological conditions beyond epilepsy. They work by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain through various mechanisms, such as blocking sodium and calcium channels, enhancing inhibitory neurotransmitter activity, and antagonizing excitatory neurotransmitter receptors. While effective in controlling seizures, anticonvulsants can cause side effects like drowsiness, dizziness, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Long-term use may lead to cognitive impairment and liver toxicity. These medications are also utilized in the treatment of neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder, and migraine prophylaxis. In neuropathic pain management, drugs like gabapentin and pregabalin are commonly prescribed due to their ability to modulate neuronal excitability and reduce pain signals. Additionally, certain anticonvulsants, such as valproate and carbamazepine, have mood-stabilizing properties and are used as adjunctive therapy for bipolar disorder. Furthermore, topiramate, another anticonvulsant, has demonstrated efficacy in preventing migraines and is often prescribed for migraine prophylaxis. Thus, anticonvulsant drugs contribute significantly to the therapeutic armamentarium for various neurological and psychiatric conditions beyond epilepsy.

Keywords: Epilepsy, Anticonvulsant drugs, mechanism of action, commonly used anticonvulsants.