Semester performance index and cumulative performance index: the latest grading of marks in mark sheets of semester system in technical courses

Abstract

ABSTRACT
A "semester" (from the Latin meaning "six-monthly") has come to mean either of two academic terms, generally excluding the summer or January terms, if any, and so can be 12 to 20 weeks long. The word "semester" is sometimes used as a synonym for a "term", as in a "summer semester". A "trimester" (from the Latin meaning "three-monthly") divides the academic year into three periods, separated by breaks. In some jurisdictions, “trimester" is used in its original meaning to indicate a quarter system (since three months is exactly a quarter of a year), or a variation of it. A "quarter" system treats the summer term on an equal footing with the other terms. It divides the academic year into four quarters, each of which is usually 12 weeks long. Three of the four quarters (Fall, Winter and Spring, operating from September until June or from August until May) are thus equivalent to two 18-week semesters. Thus, when American academic universities convert academic credits between the semester/trimester and quarter systems, 36 quarter hours convert to 24 semester hours (2/3 conversion factor) while 36 semester hours convert to 54 quarter hours (3/2 conversion factor). The rare word quadmester or quadrimester is occasionally used for either a three-term system or a four-term system.
An academic term (or simply "term") is a portion of an academic year, the time during which an educational institution holds classes. The schedules adopted vary widely. A trimester system divides the academic year into three terms which can be as short as eight weeks or as long as 16 weeks each. A quarter systems divides the academic year into four terms, up to 12 weeks each, and generally counts the summer as one of the terms. The word quadmester or quadrimester is occasionally used to mean either four months or (more commonly in modern American usage) a quarter of a year. Keywords: Semester, Trimester, Quadrimester, Grade, CPI, SPI, CGPA, Class, Distinction, Pass, Fail, Marks sheet